Evils Issue in David Hume's Thought, Theological Responses to It

 The research argues that prominent Western theodicies, such as Alvin Plantinga’s "Defense of Free Will" and John Hick’s "Soul-Making Theodicy," despite their attempts to defend belief in Allah against Hume’s skeptical challenges, remain largely confined to the cognitive framework established by Enlightenment philosophy. 

In contrast, Islamic thought, particularly through the lens of the transcendental wisdom school, as expressed by figures like Mulla Sadra, Martyr Murtada Mutahhari, and Allameh Tabatabai, does not merely defend faith, but offers a fundamental shift in intellectual paradigms. 

By introducing the principle of "the primacy of existence," defining evil as "non-being" or an incidental result of a fundamentally good system, and re-conceptualizing suffering within a teleological framework aimed at spiritual perfection, this school seeks to address the problem of evil at its core. The study argues that the apparent contradiction between an all-goodness God and the existence of evil is not an inherent feature of reality, but rather the result of flawed metaphysical and ontological assumptions grounded in a purely empirical worldview.